After the last lesson, I think you would have had some basic knowledge about how Manchu sounds like. Click here to return to the last lesson.
今講是關於第二個母音"e"，點擊此查看母音"a"教學。
This lesson is about the second vowel, "e". Click here to return to the lesson on vowel "a".
以下是滿語母音"e"和它在不同位置時的寫法。
Below is the vowel "e" and how it looks like in different positions within a word.
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| 楷書體 Regular script |
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| 草書體 In handwriting |
複習：單獨形是它單獨表現時的寫法，語頭形是它作為字首時的寫法，語中形就是字中間時而語末形就是字尾。
Revision: The first row is the Romanized form, the second how it looks like when it is on its own; the third when it is placed as word-initial; the forth when it is in the middle and the last when it is at the end of a word.
我們用幾個字來學習吧！
Let's learn with the help of a few words!
語頭形（左是楷書體、右是草書體，中間是羅馬字）：
Word-initial (Left being the regular script, right the other form while the middle is the Romanized form):
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| 主、君 lord |
語中形：
In the middle:
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| 台、織機 主、君 rack, loom master, lord |
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| 請留意圈起的語中形 Please pay attention to the circled |
你們有沒有留意到母音"a"的語中形和母音"e"的其中一個語中形很相似呢？沒錯、兩者是一樣的。
Have you discovered that the middle form of vowel "a" is similar to one of the middle forms of vowel "e"? You're right, they look the same.
如是者、到底我們可以如何分辨？
So, how can we distinguish these two?
可能會有點難，但我會儘努力說得容易理解一點。我在梳理的時候又重新學習一次了。
It may be difficult but I will try my best to explain. I also revise my Manchu while doing this.
From the above we can see that "te" and "de" look almost the same, the difference is the added dot in "de". And the difference between "ke", "ge" and "he" is "without dot or circle", "with dot" and "with circle". The difference between "te" and "ta" is "through" and "not-through" (sorry, I really don't know how to say, please refer to the image above) while "ke" and ""ka" differ by an additional vertical stroke).
圈點的出現是由於1599年時以蒙古文為基礎時創製的滿文無圈點（稱老滿文），在表達上稍有不足，後來為了改善老滿文，加了十個字頭和圈點（稱新滿文）。在無圈點前，"te"和"de"、"ke"、 "ge"和 "he"是分不開的。
The addition of dots and circles was to improve the original Manchu script (script without dots and circles) created upon the Mongolian script. The later script, also with the addition of ten graphemes, was called script with dots and circles. Before the addition of dots and circles, one can hardly distinguish between "te" and "de", "ke", "ge"and "he".
母音"e"的語中形（無點）是接t, d, k, g, h 這五個子音的，有點的則接其餘子音。
The word-middle form (without dot) of vowel "e" is to follow consonants "t", "d", "k", "g" and "h", the form with dot follows the other consonants.
不肯定明不明？來測試一下吧！
Not sure you understand the above or not? Let's do a test!
下圖是母音"e"還是母音"a"呢？
For the following image, is it vowel "e" or vowel "a"?
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答案是母音"e"。因為上圖有點、母音"a"是無點的。
The answer is vowel "e". The reason is that there is a dot. Vowel"a" has no dot.
好，那如果給個無點的字你呢？母音"e"都可以無點，你得靠之前學過的分辨法了。
So, what if I give you one with no dots? Since the middle form of vowel "e" can also be dotless, you have to recall what you have learned above.
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答案是母音"e"。因為字首的子音"t"是穿的。
The answer is vowel "e". The reason is that the script of the consonant "t" is "through".
關於母音"e"的兩種語中形的教學就暫告一段落，如有問題，留言問我吧，我會儘量解釋的！
This is the end for the lesson on the middle-form of vowel "e". For any questions, leave a comment. I will try my best to explain.
語末形：
Word-end:
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| 和母音"a"語末形樣子一樣的兩個寫法是用來接母音"a"不能連接的五個子音 The two word-end forms which look the same with those of vowel "a" are used to connect the five consonants which vowel "a" cannot link |
母音"e"讀音像普通話、國語的「兒」。
Vowel "e" sounds like the "er" in "father".
寫完這講後明白為甚麼有些做清朝歷史的教授一輩子都不學滿文，因為要掌握這門語言還真的挺吃力，我學的還只是皮毛。在看這個文章、在自學滿文的你一定要繼續努力，我也會盡最大努力寫清楚易懂一點！
After writing this lesson, I pretty understand why some professors of Qing history never study Manchu for their whole life. Manchu is not easy to learn and what I have learned is just the very basics. For those who are reading this and self-studying Manchu, you must give extra effort and I will try my very best to make it easier to understand!
能讀完這篇文章真不容易，感謝你！如對這篇文章有疑問，可以留言給我。
Thank you for reading the whole passage, it is not an easy read. If you have any questions, please leave a comment.
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