tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32122330602986150532024-03-04T22:22:12.913-08:00滿語角落 A Manchu Corner一個分享關於滿語學習、滿清歷史的小角落
A corner to share everything about Manchu language learning and study on Qing Dynasty滿語學習者 A Manchu Learnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11461986691379615769noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212233060298615053.post-90794328519759365132016-08-20T03:53:00.002-07:002016-08-20T04:01:03.893-07:00如何讀懂滿文?第七講︰母音「ü」How to read Manchu? Seventh Lesson: Vowel "ü"有一段時間沒有更新此博客了,也一直掙扎到底該不該繼續更新,畢竟這樣學術味重的帖子不容易寫,很費心力和時間,看的人也不多,一直思索這樣的文章到底有甚麼意義,所以一旦有其他事情要忙的時候,很容易就打消了堅持的念頭。會重新再寫的原因是看到讀者表示感謝的留言,就那麼一個,但也感到很振奮,明白自己的努力不是花費的,縱然讀者只有那麼一個,我都想繼續,希望可以盡自己能力保護這個瀕危的語言。<br />
It's been some time not updating this blog. I've been thinking over whether it's meaningful to keep updating this blog or not, since a blog like this is not very popular among common readers and it takes a lot of time and effort to write a post. That's why when I've got other things to do, I just put this blog aside. The reason why I've decided to write again is a comment of appreciation from a reader. Although there is only one single comment, I felt very motivated knowing that my posts are helping someone through the learning of Manchu, knowing that my efforts go to somewhere, not nowhere. I want to try my best to protect this dying language.<br />
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回到我們的學習內容,六個母音我們只剩一個而已,請注意這個母音正確寫法並不是「ü」,只是因為我找不到電腦字就用了一個較接近的寫法,正確寫法請見以下︰<br />
Going back to our lesson, we only have one vowel left, among the six vowels. Please be noted that the correct writing for this vowel is like the below, "ü" is only the closest I can find on the keyboard. For a easier handling, our lesson will keep using this incorrect "ü".<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPD7jQNUr3VPwwMAoegw8aIV3rchTCC94xvkSAImn9Z331V6APWSZPK9kvSe6wPqTUygj1klY_T4oy5MyQ51idKfmZF38469gBEURSXx_jqEEjTJScLkrCLKsvfHl_qR3CE_rBj3ItMBI/s1600/U.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPD7jQNUr3VPwwMAoegw8aIV3rchTCC94xvkSAImn9Z331V6APWSZPK9kvSe6wPqTUygj1klY_T4oy5MyQ51idKfmZF38469gBEURSXx_jqEEjTJScLkrCLKsvfHl_qR3CE_rBj3ItMBI/s1600/U.jpg" /></a></div>
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以下是滿語母音「ü」和它在不同位置時的寫法。<br />
Below is vowel "ü" and how it looks like in different positions within a word.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmzBaV43uD6CCObgRbUMts-luEagoKoqGvss6tZViMKfkwQnyfovn7rZyYAhWl34vMurpeJsyJ-PuyYuOjwEV1nxHSOO2e6m1CRj3ROx5UXHIO5Q3r69qKOPAecDcMtqnD0pkh2H_CMbA/s1600/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="82" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmzBaV43uD6CCObgRbUMts-luEagoKoqGvss6tZViMKfkwQnyfovn7rZyYAhWl34vMurpeJsyJ-PuyYuOjwEV1nxHSOO2e6m1CRj3ROx5UXHIO5Q3r69qKOPAecDcMtqnD0pkh2H_CMbA/s320/Untitled.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
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語頭形(母音「ü」作為語頭出現的例子不過兩、三個,所以大部份學者相信這些詞語為外來語)<br />
Word-initial (Since there are only two or three words starting with vowel "ü", most scholars believe that they are imported words)<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhWjatAMkzqyDxJcOAkqRwTrb0J12r-vN6Ah5uyxi0noQwTXKf3ujdptuZK2GMxvKY5eBKnOuwWnzcX6mAnhl5zmUFSr_4K_5IZcGrRWIn1TJJpoViayMZjff9wFmqGg1IuyB8vslhfSU/s1600/ulen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhWjatAMkzqyDxJcOAkqRwTrb0J12r-vN6Ah5uyxi0noQwTXKf3ujdptuZK2GMxvKY5eBKnOuwWnzcX6mAnhl5zmUFSr_4K_5IZcGrRWIn1TJJpoViayMZjff9wFmqGg1IuyB8vslhfSU/s1600/ulen.jpg" /></a></div>
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語中形(「ü」比母音「u」簡單的是它的語中形並不會受子音影響而改變寫法)<br />
Word-middle ("ü" is simpler comparing to "u" as its word-middle form is always the same whichever consonant it follows)<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqXXSFDi00BNv3P50ChnfpdevLPoCgWXhvJK_BxQVKpmoFOJhyCSciCeeUaVtX7Yvo-tKm22oAEUpVvUDXcvFHEuLrMnjzgeSwEY-TsdlN6kX-5dng2UD6Ybs9fUO7gi6FdouGluEUsoQ/s1600/Drawing+%25285%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqXXSFDi00BNv3P50ChnfpdevLPoCgWXhvJK_BxQVKpmoFOJhyCSciCeeUaVtX7Yvo-tKm22oAEUpVvUDXcvFHEuLrMnjzgeSwEY-TsdlN6kX-5dng2UD6Ybs9fUO7gi6FdouGluEUsoQ/s200/Drawing+%25285%2529.jpg" width="119" /></a></div>
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語末形︰<br />
Word-end:<br />
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讀音和母音「o」又點像,像普通話韻母的「o」。<br />
Pronunciation of vowel "ü" sounds like vowel "o" which sounds like "o" in "orange".<br />
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讀音方面文字表達得不清楚,有興趣的可以點擊以下連結前往廣定遠老師的字頭讀音教學。<br />
It's hard to describe the pronunciation by words, those interested can click the below link which teaches pronunciation of vowels by Mr. Guang Dingyuan.<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5IRtsxiMqc" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5IRtsxiMqc</a><br />
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滿語作為阿爾泰語系其中一員,具有母音調和特性,這方面我們會於下節再繼續探討。<br />
Being a member of the Altaic language family, Manchu has vowel harmony and we are going to explore this expect in next post.<br />
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再次感謝所有對滿語有興趣的朋友!<br />
Thanks again for your interest in Manchu!滿語學習者 A Manchu Learnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11461986691379615769noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212233060298615053.post-22140771036202601832015-09-16T00:03:00.000-07:002016-08-19T21:26:36.995-07:00如何讀懂滿文?第六講:母音"u" How to Read Manchu? Sixth Lesson: Vowel "u"今講是有關第五個母音"u"的,如果想重温我們學過的其餘四個母音,請<a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.hk/" target="_blank">按此</a>。<br />
Today's lesson is about the fifth vowel, "u". For those who want to go back to the other lessons on the vowels, please click <a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.hk/" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
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以下是滿語母音"u"和它在不同位置時的寫法。<br />
Below is vowel "u" and how it looks like in different positions within a word.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifBhbJ42iWiSl8ZcTMVEf8sbcPQRLTSg-n_z4kiZ9VYpSMP0g2AQmLTMU9TlqlWdCyzl9VYN2LYN22rEJu3eEEcmXhuh-m1zzTZ8nswCOuyszIcSEKgaw7w8saiiechK-zPsFQHiVC_4s/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="61" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifBhbJ42iWiSl8ZcTMVEf8sbcPQRLTSg-n_z4kiZ9VYpSMP0g2AQmLTMU9TlqlWdCyzl9VYN2LYN22rEJu3eEEcmXhuh-m1zzTZ8nswCOuyszIcSEKgaw7w8saiiechK-zPsFQHiVC_4s/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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有沒有發現母音"u"的寫法跟母音"o"差不多?不記得怎麼寫?看看下圖。<br />
Have you found out that vowel "u" and vowel "o" are very similar? Not sure? Check below.<br />
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<img height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcIHVHcRDho3vfgcUO9_OgSlM6WFNTz1azqJ_kRHCivqTzhVRoL0GrQsK8S0Fb0zhYJbW8QhvRjH4PZ2xG1KwJxdLwF4ZnI0XV1TrCrOwQmE3aNp7EtKvVOd1VuNhZuottiHWAjSJ_x-g/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /><br />
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母音"u"只比母音"o"多了一點,而且在語中形和語末形中母音"u"還有其中一種寫法和母音"o"一模一樣呢!<br />
Vowel "u" has only one extra dot. Moreover, for word-middle and word-end, vowel "u" has one writing variant exactly the same as those of vowel "o".<br />
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這個情況和母音"a"跟母音"e"的語中形一樣,我們需要另外解釋分辨方法,但我們先不說,到語中形和語末形時再慢慢解釋。<br />
This situation is the same with the word-middle of vowel "a" and vowel "e". Therefore, we need to learn how to distinguish them. However, let's talk about this when we reach the part of word-middle and word-end.<br />
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語頭形(左是楷書體、右是羅馬字):<br />
Word-initial (Left being the regular script, right the Romanized form):<br />
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語中形:<br />
Word-middle:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-9xI_G5IErqgqS3ZaKfcWziPd8ONiZiZ15iMwQxC4Mo3GDHUdocsFVnznkHoFjdX_hgWOGIRgpXyO-4UdWXUOkbRgCw5-0s9FRxcacTIj69iTDXv1CX1Ijt8zYhEXzW_J5jeXouy3oKM/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-9xI_G5IErqgqS3ZaKfcWziPd8ONiZiZ15iMwQxC4Mo3GDHUdocsFVnznkHoFjdX_hgWOGIRgpXyO-4UdWXUOkbRgCw5-0s9FRxcacTIj69iTDXv1CX1Ijt8zYhEXzW_J5jeXouy3oKM/s200/1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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從上圖看到,除了上述五個子音要注意外,其他子音都是寫有點的。<br />
From the above, we see that besides the five consonants that require our extra attention, the word-middle form of vowel "u" is always with a dot.<br />
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先來一個有點的例子︰<br />
Let me give you an example with a with-dot middle form of vowel "u":<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtFSnj5fEBijn5ruKCGjcZOW03RkzMHzeA7rzMxjnJpeDugt4LHE4sDCMinkb-3zwMPaj90sP_xuJcG7Kl08hlyGCEG9fCzMx9ANy9FdFMnULgYUJBnDVcR6gqHjcjHgLoXXZ8HLSU0sA/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtFSnj5fEBijn5ruKCGjcZOW03RkzMHzeA7rzMxjnJpeDugt4LHE4sDCMinkb-3zwMPaj90sP_xuJcG7Kl08hlyGCEG9fCzMx9ANy9FdFMnULgYUJBnDVcR6gqHjcjHgLoXXZ8HLSU0sA/s1600/3.jpg" /></a></div>
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有點的肯定就是母音"u"不是母音"o",但沒有點的我們該如何分辨?<br />
For those that are with a dot, we know immediately that it is vowel "u". For those that are without a dot, how do we know is it vowel "u" or vowel "o".<br />
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這個情況和母音"a" 和"e"的語中形相似,母音"u"連接上述五個子音"t","d","k","g"和"h"時會改變子音的樣子,所以我們可以靠觀察五個子音的變化知道這個是母音"u"還是母音"o",請參考下圖。<br />
This is a similar situation with vowel "a" and vowel "e". Vowel "u" changes the form of consonants "t", "d", "k", "g" and "h", we can thus find out whether it is vowel "u" or vowel "o" by observing these changes. Please see the following image for reference.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0irUsJvzo2gyRNz4TAgbzfDzce7AZPebc_CbpHEg9Yc87T4YyUHBrXnpjGC2RjeR1A5hi-Bqr24IZRo_w3npbWQ9JzJQCK3lEfx0ylWzTkAlwS5XgaGKe8bs-JKOZZRYNYBFTQRs__Z0/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0irUsJvzo2gyRNz4TAgbzfDzce7AZPebc_CbpHEg9Yc87T4YyUHBrXnpjGC2RjeR1A5hi-Bqr24IZRo_w3npbWQ9JzJQCK3lEfx0ylWzTkAlwS5XgaGKe8bs-JKOZZRYNYBFTQRs__Z0/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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從上圖可以看到五個子音的變化,子音"t"遇上母音"u"會「穿頭」,子音"k","g"和"h"則改變寫法。<br />
From the above image, one can observe the changes in the consonants. Consonant "t" has one extra horizontal stroke with vowel "u" while consonant "k", "g" and "h" change its form completely.<br />
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語末形︰<br />
Word-end<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieqn9RXk-vjsXRiBrkqMxN-e2c8YmJOqwQz8MvhhA3SL1YS51LbBf9mPx-wVCCymF153AP6eeSSklww3utmEKdoVxIOdRI8nslS8lg4vw9rf1CXcLrTfs6u5cASYls6XiM6BqC7uFoSFI/s1600/4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieqn9RXk-vjsXRiBrkqMxN-e2c8YmJOqwQz8MvhhA3SL1YS51LbBf9mPx-wVCCymF153AP6eeSSklww3utmEKdoVxIOdRI8nslS8lg4vw9rf1CXcLrTfs6u5cASYls6XiM6BqC7uFoSFI/s400/4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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如上圖所示,語末形和語中形一樣,可以從五個子音上的寫法上分辨母音"o"和母音"u",有點的一定是母音"u",而無點的則需觀察五個子音的寫法。<br />
As shown by the above image, word-end is similar to word-middle, you can distinguish vowel "o" and "u" looking at the changes in the five specific consonants. Those with a dot is certainly vowel "u". For those that is without a dot, you have to observe the form of the five consonants.<br />
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為確保大家都明白,請參考下圖。<br />
To ensure a perfect understanding, please refer to the below image.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqhqyOUzQrQUR4q3ggxzhIe57T60F8W86nQ722OkG0VMvTFGoCESr9T7joUyBVMapgAhLS3Gfjo0oyEcbP_3t047GHQ4xUt8tBrjTTiq5Q4rT6NY4E1w1khe3V6bNXqyQMSUbJIzbTvlc/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqhqyOUzQrQUR4q3ggxzhIe57T60F8W86nQ722OkG0VMvTFGoCESr9T7joUyBVMapgAhLS3Gfjo0oyEcbP_3t047GHQ4xUt8tBrjTTiq5Q4rT6NY4E1w1khe3V6bNXqyQMSUbJIzbTvlc/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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讀音方面,母音「u」像日文的う,又像普通話韻母的「u」(烏)。<br />
Vowel "u" sounds like "u" in "wu".<br />
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再重申一次,有不明白的地方歡迎留言提出。<br />
Once again, please leave your comments below if you have any questions for me.滿語學習者 A Manchu Learnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11461986691379615769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212233060298615053.post-41878340596504001582015-08-26T20:57:00.000-07:002015-08-26T21:00:32.144-07:00如何讀懂滿文?廣定遠先生錄製的滿文教學導言 How to Read Manchu? An Introduction from Guang Dingyuan一直覺得這段滿文導言短片拍得氣勢磅礡、資訊性十足,可是這支台灣影片只有中文,不能讓世界各地的觀眾一同欣賞。所以我私下為這支影片加了英文字幕,希望有助推廣大眾對滿文的認識。<br />
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I have always thought that this video is great in evoking passion and is full of information. However, this video in Chinese cannot reach an international audience without English subtitles. Therefore, I privately put up English translations and subtitles so that this promotional video can attract more attention from the public.</div>
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這次是我第一次為影片套字幕,水平之低請大家見諒,有問題可以留言給我。</div>
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This is my first time putting up subtitles for videos. Please forgive me for the unprofessional quality and leave me comments if you have doubts on certain points.</div>
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為了方便因為各種原因而無法打開影片的各位,以下是影片中的中、英文文本,影片原檔放在最後。</div>
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For those who cannot open the video below, this is the Chinese script and my English translation. The video is at the end of this post.</div>
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本節目(單元)獲教育部終身學習經費補助</div>
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滿語文是我國滿族的語言文字。西元1599年,清太祖努爾哈齊命大臣額爾德尼跟噶蓋在女真語基礎上,仿蒙古字形創製滿文。初期的滿文在字母右旁沒有圈跟點,使用不便。西元1633年,皇太極命學者達海添加圈點,將滿文字型結構、語音拼讀、語法規則等予以規範合理科學化,沿用了三百多年,到清朝末年仍利用滿文與列強簽訂條約,滿文是清代國語,國語騎射是基本國策。國語作為官方首要使用文字,地位在漢文之上,為保持弘揚民族特色,對諸子貝勒、宗室子弟及旗下屬人推行滿文教學,培養了很多在中國史上前所未有的英明能幹的帝王。為貫徹中央政令,對各地駐防旗營官兵以軍令施行滿文教學以鞏固政權。</div>
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滿文是拼音文字,與六書漢文大不相同,漢人又一向重夷夏之防,種族成見很深,覺得滿文「晦澀難通」「文意齟齬」,不慣學習也不容易學好,只有想做官的人心裡才會感到重要性。到西元1911年,清末宣統皇帝宣佈退位,辛亥民國後,漢人反滿情緒高漲,滿文進入黑暗時期,約有半個世紀滿文被視為死文字。西元1956年,家父廣祿先生在台灣大學開課教授滿文,開我國大學史的創舉,滿文也獲得重見天日。有趣的是,西元1687年,康熙大帝頒「全台首學」台南孔子文廟的滿文下馬碑,三百年後,滿文在台灣重生,若康熙地下有知,也覺奇蹟。</div>
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目前在國內外,從事滿文研究的學者,都可以說是出自廣祿先生門下,外國人習慣學習拼音文字,西方傳教士和仰慕中國文化的學者、研究古典文學、文化思想,覺得透過滿文遠比漢文容易,十分重視滿文,把滿文四書五經等帶回歐洲,並出版了許多滿文書籍,引起了東方研究的興趣。目前世界上有23個國家在研究,但滿文滿語逐漸在消亡,聯合國教科文組織列為"瀕危語言",有志之士大聲疾呼拯救。</div>
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我曾於開放次年到黑龍江三家子村實地考察,青少年聽得懂老輩講的滿語,但老年人說的只是一些日常用語,好像漢人說滿語,失去本族口音了。語言是人類無形資產,比之任何有形資產更為珍貴長久,語言文化價值是任何東西都不能取代的。語言是思維工具,也是人們認識世界的工具,一種語言的消失,也是人類賴以發展思想基因的消失。美國媒體紐約時報有鑑於此,以巨大篇幅報導滿族語文的消失危機。</div>
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台北故宮博物院珍藏浩如瀚海的滿文珍貴資料吸引各國學者,對世界民族文化寶庫的「瑰寶」,但反觀我們的政府,對文化的搶救意識,遠遠不如搶救瀕臨滅絶動植物的作為,未見採取搶救措施,只見文化寶藏淪為商業活動,令有志之士深感不解。</div>
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西元1973年廣祿先生逝世,滿文教學走入民間,由廣定遠接棒,如今也有30多年。私人力量有限,但也教出很多人才,在國內外從事研究工作、教學,為解決長久以來滿文印刷,研究成功全國首部滿文電腦,引起國內外研究滿文電腦風潮。由於台灣會說滿語的人鳳毛麟角,在義美高志明先生鼓勵下,錄製純正原味原音的滿語教學。但是光靠民間有限的力量是不夠的,仍需政府決心誠意的支助,如此,我們才能夠集智集力,打造台灣多元文化發展的成功。</div>
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This program was sponsored by Department of Lifelong Education, Ministry of Education, Taiwan</div>
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Manchu is the language of the Manchu people in China/Taiwan. In 1599, Qing Taizu, Nurhaci, ordered his ministers, Erdeni and Gagai, to use the structure of Jurchen language and make use of Mongolian alphabets to create Manchu. Early Manchu had no circles and dots on the right-hand side of the alphabets. It was not convenient to use. In 1633, Emperor Huang Taiji ordered scholar Dahai to add circles and dots and to make Manchu's word structure, phonetics and grammar rules more rational and scientific. Manchu has been used for over 300 years. Until the end of Qing Dynasty, Manchu was still employed in treaties signed with foreign powers. Manchu was the national language of Qing Dynasty. Manchu language, Riding and Archery was the basic national policy. National language, being the primary language used by officials, was placed above Chinese. In order to maintain and enhance the ethnic features among Manchu nobility and bannermen, Manchu education was implemented. This has nurtured many great emperors unprecedented in Chinese history. In order to thoroughly execute the national policy, soldiers in all banner garrisons were required to learn Manchu by military orders as a way to strengthen the Manchu regime.</div>
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Manchu is an alphabetic writing which is very different from Chinese. As Han Chinese had been against the barbarians for a long time, their prejudice against other ethnicities was significant. Han Chinese found that Manchu was difficult to understand and to use, it was also hard to form a study habit and to master, only those who wanted to become an officer realized its importance. Until 1911, Emperor Xuantong (Puyi) announced his abdication, after the 1911 Revolution and the establishment of Republic of China, Han Chinese's anti-Manchu emotions was elated. Dark Age of Manchu study began and it has lasted for about half a century. Manchu was considered a dead language. In 1956, My father, Guang Lu, started to teach Manchu in universities in Taiwan. This opened a path in university history and Manchu was revived. What interesting is that in 1687, Emperor Kangxi issued a Manchu "dismounting stele" in Tainan Confucius Temple, 300 years later, Manchu was revived in Taiwan. If Emperor Kangxi were able to know, he would also feel miraculous. </div>
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Right now, in Taiwan or abroad, scholars who work on Manchu studies are all students of Guang Lu, as one could tell. Foreigners were used to learn alphabetic writing. Missionaries from the West and scholars who admired Chinese culture and who studied classic literature, Chinese culture and ideology found that it was easier using Manchu, rather than Chinese, as a medium. They thus considered Manchu very important. They brought Manchu Four Books and Five Classics back to Europe. They also published many Manchu books. This led to interests in oriental studies. Today, there are 23 countries working on Manchu but Manchu is wilting. It has been listed by UNESCO as "endangered language". Passionate individuals call for attention and help. </div>
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I once, in 1979, went to Sunjiazi Village in Heilongjiang to do a field research. The youth there understood the spoken Manchu of their elders. However, what the elders said was just common expressions. It was like Han Chinese speaking Manchu, there was no Manchu accent. Language is mankind's intangible asset and is more long-lasting than any other tangible assets. The cultural value of language is not to be replaced by anything. Language is a thinking tool, as well as a tool for people to understand the world. The extinction of a language is the disappearance of a gene to develop thoughts. Upon this, U.S. media The New York Times, with a long passage, reported the danger of extinction of Manchu. </div>
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National Palace Museum of Taipei keeps thousands and thousands of valuable Manchu documents. These documents attract scholars from different places, they are the real treasure of world national culture. Our government, in contrast, pays far less attention to rescue our culture than to rescue endangered animals and plants. We see no measures of rescue from the government, what we see is just that our treasure has become part of commercial activities. This has confused passionate individuals. </div>
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In 1973, Guang Lu passed away. Manchu education has walked into people's life and was passed to Guang Dingyuan/me and there have been some thirty years. Private institutions' power is limited but we do produce some talented people. They engage in scholarly work, lectures. In order to solve the problem of printing in Manchu, they succeeded in creating first Manchu computing. This started a trend in the study on Manchu computing. Since there are only a handful Taiwanese who can speak Manchu. Encouraged by I-Mei's Gao Zhiming, I have recorded a Manchu lecture with real Manchu accent. However, efforts made only by individuals is not enough. Government's whole-hearted support is required. With this, can we gather talented people to successfully create Taiwan's development on multiculturalism.<br />
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**影片不屬於我,我只做了英文翻譯讓多些人可以觀看。按字幕鍵打開英文字幕。<br />
I do not own this video. I translated this video so as more people can watch it. Click "CC"/ subtitles button to open the English subtitles.</div>
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滿語學習者 A Manchu Learnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11461986691379615769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212233060298615053.post-20931040840166167642015-08-25T07:26:00.000-07:002015-08-25T07:26:25.779-07:00如何讀懂滿文?第五講︰母音"o" How to Read Manchu? Fifth Lesson: Vowel "o"今講是關於第四個母音"o",想看另外三個母音,<a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.hk/2015/08/a-how-to-read-manchu-second-lesson.html" target="_blank">母音"a"</a>、<a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.hk/2015/08/e-how-to-read-manchu-second-lesson.html" target="_blank">母音"e"</a>和<a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.hk/2015/08/i-how-to-read-manchu-forth-lesson-vowel.html" target="_blank">母音"i"</a>的朋友可點擊此︰母音"a"、母音"e"和母音"i"。<br />
Today's lesson is about the forth vowel, "o". For those who want to go back to the lesson on other vowels, please click the following: <a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.hk/2015/08/a-how-to-read-manchu-second-lesson.html" target="_blank">vowel "a"</a>, <a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.hk/2015/08/e-how-to-read-manchu-second-lesson.html" target="_blank">vowel "e"</a> and <a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.hk/2015/08/i-how-to-read-manchu-forth-lesson-vowel.html" target="_blank">vowel "i"</a>.<br />
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以下是滿語母音"o"和它在不同位置時的寫法。<br />
Below is vowel "o" and how it looks like in different positions within a word.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcIHVHcRDho3vfgcUO9_OgSlM6WFNTz1azqJ_kRHCivqTzhVRoL0GrQsK8S0Fb0zhYJbW8QhvRjH4PZ2xG1KwJxdLwF4ZnI0XV1TrCrOwQmE3aNp7EtKvVOd1VuNhZuottiHWAjSJ_x-g/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcIHVHcRDho3vfgcUO9_OgSlM6WFNTz1azqJ_kRHCivqTzhVRoL0GrQsK8S0Fb0zhYJbW8QhvRjH4PZ2xG1KwJxdLwF4ZnI0XV1TrCrOwQmE3aNp7EtKvVOd1VuNhZuottiHWAjSJ_x-g/s400/1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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從上圖看到母音"o" 除了在作為語末出現時有兩種寫法外,其餘位置時只有一種寫法。<br />
From the above image, we can see that vowel "o" has two variants at the end of a word. Otherwise, there is only one written form at other positions.<br />
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語頭形(左是楷書體、右是羅馬字)︰<br />
Word-initial (Left being the regular script, right the Romanized form):<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE4bYyOBhwuyBfaoj9Y5KPepobadOtgqR36K_owH4h2eQwW2rLanC0M3uPMdPl1kiixSYNWU2iHdb7j3FmFwBNPxYrnw20pYvlWsDou38hPMhI7VxqR-YoYIJizuNJh9D9-BvGGp_RMZ8/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE4bYyOBhwuyBfaoj9Y5KPepobadOtgqR36K_owH4h2eQwW2rLanC0M3uPMdPl1kiixSYNWU2iHdb7j3FmFwBNPxYrnw20pYvlWsDou38hPMhI7VxqR-YoYIJizuNJh9D9-BvGGp_RMZ8/s1600/2.jpg" /></a></div>
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語中形︰<br />
Word-middle:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-7zERCra5B87GakYwQDB_cjfwzwbrSct6wBuoQSOjHqbqey7FkLcdTo1YsD5ktOYQLXnl17qWSsEYF0JJRqB78LBJ1U5i_pA0oC_aDDNVfu1qT4cry929q3-xIDsH-IZVgNA4kLCCvns/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-7zERCra5B87GakYwQDB_cjfwzwbrSct6wBuoQSOjHqbqey7FkLcdTo1YsD5ktOYQLXnl17qWSsEYF0JJRqB78LBJ1U5i_pA0oC_aDDNVfu1qT4cry929q3-xIDsH-IZVgNA4kLCCvns/s1600/3.jpg" /></a></div>
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**有時我們會遇到母音"o"連寫,如以下︰<br />
Sometimes we will come across double vowel "o" like the following:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzqQ65nsT3eKwPJ3di178HgvodcvgSeg-mh8z9QnsrQGoCi-xYMmRdVJnPsJUO0kbdLODf9qw_Rs9vya48UC6EWG_l5sLKbFPsnOrgmKKi650YRyOBahhmDNVwGJv2x_BglfyPayk_O4o/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzqQ65nsT3eKwPJ3di178HgvodcvgSeg-mh8z9QnsrQGoCi-xYMmRdVJnPsJUO0kbdLODf9qw_Rs9vya48UC6EWG_l5sLKbFPsnOrgmKKi650YRyOBahhmDNVwGJv2x_BglfyPayk_O4o/s320/5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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語末形有兩種寫法︰<br />
Word-end has two variants:<br />
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母音"o"的語末形通常會以第一種寫法出現,而第二種寫法僅於書寫單字配子音b, p, k, g, h 時出現,請參考下表︰<br />
Usually vowel "o" ends with the first writing variant. The second variant only happens in single syllable word with consonants b, p, k, g, and h. See below for reference:<br />
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從上圖看到,第二種寫法只能作為單字出現、並配搭子音b, p, k, g, h。<br />
From the above, we know the second variant can only appear in a single word and follow consonants b, p, k, g and h.<br />
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讀音方面,母音"o"像普通話韻母的「o」。<br />
For pronunciation, vowel "o" sounds like "o" in "orange".<br />
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不知不覺,母音方面我們已學了四個了,之後會學的母音"u"和"<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">ū</span>"跟母音"o"相當相似,繼續努力!<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Without much hardship, we've already learned four vowels. In next lessons, we will learn vowel "u" and vowel "<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">ū" which look much like vowel "o". Keep learning and you will be able to read some Manchu soon!</span></span>滿語學習者 A Manchu Learnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11461986691379615769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212233060298615053.post-25889918400323458252015-08-19T06:27:00.002-07:002015-08-19T07:45:40.798-07:00如何讀懂滿文?第四講︰母音"i" How to Read Manchu? Forth Lesson: Vowel "i"今講是關於第三個母音"i",想看另外兩個母音,母音"a"和母音"e"的朋友可點擊此處︰<a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.hk/2015/08/a-how-to-read-manchu-second-lesson.html" target="_blank">母音"a"</a>、<a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.com/2015/08/e-how-to-read-manchu-second-lesson.html" target="_blank">母音"e"</a>。<br />
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Today's lesson is about the third vowel, "i". For those who want to go back to the lesson on vowel "a" and vowel "e", please click the following: <a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.hk/2015/08/a-how-to-read-manchu-second-lesson.html" target="_blank">vowel "a"</a>, <a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.com/2015/08/e-how-to-read-manchu-second-lesson.html" target="_blank">vowel "e"</a>.</div>
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以下是滿語母音"i"和它在不同位置時的寫法。</div>
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Below is the vowel "i" and how it looks like in different positions within a word.</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;">複習:</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px;">單獨形是它單獨表現時的寫法,語頭形是它作為字首時的寫法,語中形就是字中間時而語末形就是字尾。</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px;">Revision: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px;">The first row is the Romanized form, the second how it looks like when it is on its own; the third when it is placed as word-initial; the forth when it is in the middle and the last when it is at the end of a word.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;" /><br />上兩講我都沒有特別解釋單獨形,因為單獨形顧名思義就是它單獨出現時的寫法,但今次母音"i"有點特別,它有兩個寫法。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">I have not explained the "by itself" form in the last two lessons as the use of it has been shown by its name. However, today's vowel "i" is different as it has two variants.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">上圖中旁邊寫著"1"的是第一種寫法,寫著"2"的則是第二種。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">From the above image, the one with number "1" written beside is first form while the one with number "2" is the second form.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">兩個寫法非常不一樣。</span></div>
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The two variants looks greatly different.</div>
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第一個寫法是作為人稱代名詞第三人稱單數的「他」或「她」及表記漢字音時使用。</div>
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The first variant is used to present the personal pronouns "he" and "she" as well as other Chinese phonemes.</div>
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第二種寫法則是作為表示所屬權時使用。例如︰「滿洲國之源」中的「之」。</div>
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The second variant is a possessive form. For example, the "'s" in "Manzhou's Origin".</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px;">語頭形(左是楷書體、右是羅馬字):</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18.4799995422363px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; line-height: 18px;">Word-initial (Left being the regular script, right the Romanized form):</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;">語中形有三種寫法︰</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;">Word-middle has three variants:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;">第一種和第二種寫法上的不同只是書寫習慣有異、其用法無異,它們緊接母音。而第三種寫法緊接子音,請參考下圖。</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;">The first and second variants differ only because of different writing habit. There is no difference in the usage. They follow a vowel while the third variant follows a consonant. Please see the below.</span></span></div>
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母音"i"的語末形有兩種寫法,樣子一樣、只是大小不同。除了緊接子音b, p, k , g, h時將母音"i"縮小寫外,其餘情況一律使用第一種寫法。</div>
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Vowel "i" has two variants which look the same but differ in size. Vowel "i" is written in a small form when it follows consonants b, p, k, g, h. Otherwise, it is written in the first form.</div>
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看下圖對比︰</div>
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See the following image for comparison:</div>
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母音"i"讀音像普通話的韻母「i」。</div>
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Vowel "i" sounds like "ee" in English.</div>
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今講不難對吧!我們已經掌握了三個母音、差三個就完全掌握滿語母音了!</div>
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This lesson is not hard, right? We have already mastered three vowels and there are only three left before having mastered all the vowels of Manchu!</div>
滿語學習者 A Manchu Learnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11461986691379615769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212233060298615053.post-64332650314000245442015-08-14T05:29:00.001-07:002015-08-17T03:17:45.790-07:00如何讀懂滿文?第三講:母音"e" How to Read Manchu? Third Lesson: Vowel "e"繼上一講後,大家對滿語發音應該也有了點認識吧!<a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.hk/2015/08/how-to-read-manchu-recording-of-manzhou.html">點擊此查看上文</a>。<br />
After the last lesson, I think you would have had some basic knowledge about how Manchu sounds like. <a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.hk/2015/08/how-to-read-manchu-recording-of-manzhou.html" target="_blank">Click here to return to the last lesson</a>.<br />
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今講是關於第二個母音"e",<a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.hk/2015/08/a-how-to-read-manchu-second-lesson.html" target="_blank">點擊此查看母音"a"教學</a>。<br />
This lesson is about the second vowel, "e". <a href="http://amanchulearner.blogspot.hk/2015/08/a-how-to-read-manchu-second-lesson.html" target="_blank">Click here to return to the lesson on vowel "a"</a>.<br />
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以下是滿語母音"e"和它在不同位置時的寫法。<br />
Below is the vowel "e" and how it looks like in different positions within a word.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMUIuYqLBoSccAvj9ywVOCkdhnZNNlXkTzl07HB4R-DbVFpRjx8o-YqAXHfUKLMOXjzwL32TQDhVGcKwFBigXOQUM4Z3wooTvz1ZwOzg8fgi8iJsaEhP6esTQGpIM5-xFGC6SAYcdGvVc/s1600/vowel+e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="97" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMUIuYqLBoSccAvj9ywVOCkdhnZNNlXkTzl07HB4R-DbVFpRjx8o-YqAXHfUKLMOXjzwL32TQDhVGcKwFBigXOQUM4Z3wooTvz1ZwOzg8fgi8iJsaEhP6esTQGpIM5-xFGC6SAYcdGvVc/s320/vowel+e.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">楷書體<br />
Regular script</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirrRq6D409ssEjFPE5ogEIp7aMFj2sdVMdK51mtgotJkBOPHaYYMtjTXsseh2BrrJukoC-QW93i_cAKhTZqo_CRzGBGff7P3vRIR5MOft8WwwgApRcO8l8P6AzHuvZGugOuSOcSmCMj7M/s1600/vowel_e_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirrRq6D409ssEjFPE5ogEIp7aMFj2sdVMdK51mtgotJkBOPHaYYMtjTXsseh2BrrJukoC-QW93i_cAKhTZqo_CRzGBGff7P3vRIR5MOft8WwwgApRcO8l8P6AzHuvZGugOuSOcSmCMj7M/s320/vowel_e_2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">草書體<br />
In handwriting</td></tr>
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複習:<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">單獨形是它單獨表現時的寫法,語頭形是它作為字首時的寫法,語中形就是字中間時而語末形就是字尾。</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">Revision: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">The first row is the Romanized form, the second how it looks like when it is on its own; the third when it is placed as word-initial; the forth when it is in the middle and the last when it is at the end of a word.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">我們用幾個字來學習吧!</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">Let's learn with the help of a few words!</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">語頭形(左是楷書體、右是草書體,中間是羅馬字):</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;">Word-initial (Left being the regular script, right the other form while the middle is the Romanized form):</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjN5rMBGONuxbC9etNWGnwaaHzgyM93wll75hVtHCf81PNZrJXRgeS7nX7JrwrRPj1jc6YB0raojy8hFL4q8evJ5qZF5Mclz2iYkF98iLq8JVpGOcktBCV3AkOR6ThwRQMmSitOYADOr0/s1600/word+initial_e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="104" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjN5rMBGONuxbC9etNWGnwaaHzgyM93wll75hVtHCf81PNZrJXRgeS7nX7JrwrRPj1jc6YB0raojy8hFL4q8evJ5qZF5Mclz2iYkF98iLq8JVpGOcktBCV3AkOR6ThwRQMmSitOYADOr0/s200/word+initial_e.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">主、君<br />
lord</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidTtArNQ_Vybv8-TcpD8_pnIWHmaljFcrmTxCmxTgX3dG31-ymDuR6TnHad1gwgDdSo65u1AFvWqvDoL-zDKBjIslR8xoNcAKNdPPuWOamjunLxgkwY06YH631HdpatbUr9MGouL5HWK0/s1600/word+middle%25EF%25BC%25BFtwo+forms.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidTtArNQ_Vybv8-TcpD8_pnIWHmaljFcrmTxCmxTgX3dG31-ymDuR6TnHad1gwgDdSo65u1AFvWqvDoL-zDKBjIslR8xoNcAKNdPPuWOamjunLxgkwY06YH631HdpatbUr9MGouL5HWK0/s320/word+middle%25EF%25BC%25BFtwo+forms.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">台、織機 主、君 <br />
rack, loom master, lord </td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1saLYv24Txai-h4c8-s0f3DcT8trgTcpYwNMyzz17FvaFSXNqvS1-0RNMdZBgDLcp1-ap5TxnBZ49ilH7OVbbwpdDZ8Rvuyx6S26OORUfo85Kz4dnOLFriKL2GFXVSK3bc2Q3eAGGw3o/s1600/vowel+a+and+vowel+e_comparison.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1saLYv24Txai-h4c8-s0f3DcT8trgTcpYwNMyzz17FvaFSXNqvS1-0RNMdZBgDLcp1-ap5TxnBZ49ilH7OVbbwpdDZ8Rvuyx6S26OORUfo85Kz4dnOLFriKL2GFXVSK3bc2Q3eAGGw3o/s320/vowel+a+and+vowel+e_comparison.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">請留意圈起的語中形<br />
Please pay attention to the circled</td></tr>
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你們有沒有留意到母音"a"的語中形和母音"e"的其中一個語中形很相似呢?沒錯、兩者是一樣的。<br />
Have you discovered that the middle form of vowel "a" is similar to one of the middle forms of vowel "e"? You're right, they look the same.<br />
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如是者、到底我們可以如何分辨?<br />
So, how can we distinguish these two?<br />
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可能會有點難,但我會儘努力說得容易理解一點。我在梳理的時候又重新學習一次了。<br />
It may be difficult but I will try my best to explain. I also revise my Manchu while doing this.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhldMHXEKFPQMLNfCD39tukkgyMdcudWzWBym84xGaiHfUmlSgsqHneGAhKGZ9DZr3AG4hX4qudZb6Eq0FY3zdUq4AgS3g6IawINxPBY_RzR5etl-7gLzDrpHi9shYnUpnD5R9Rm2xYev0/s1600/explanation+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhldMHXEKFPQMLNfCD39tukkgyMdcudWzWBym84xGaiHfUmlSgsqHneGAhKGZ9DZr3AG4hX4qudZb6Eq0FY3zdUq4AgS3g6IawINxPBY_RzR5etl-7gLzDrpHi9shYnUpnD5R9Rm2xYev0/s400/explanation+1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVNfpFUJA2AKu5LDzcejNu-demrWoA_KatTyusE1ptOBYzNvMcywvsMQCAz32ZbSvY7CTy9rYuM-0QVHLhrgusFD4kKbWBdCIz7GbHSdJk21zpDga6ph75ZUkUDz1WVdf7OOTjqxVNkgc/s1600/explanation+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVNfpFUJA2AKu5LDzcejNu-demrWoA_KatTyusE1ptOBYzNvMcywvsMQCAz32ZbSvY7CTy9rYuM-0QVHLhrgusFD4kKbWBdCIz7GbHSdJk21zpDga6ph75ZUkUDz1WVdf7OOTjqxVNkgc/s400/explanation+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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從上圖我們看到"te"和"de"的樣子只是多了一點。而"ke"、"ge"和"he"的分別就是無圈點、有點和有圈。而"te"和"ta"的分別在於穿頭和不穿頭,"ke"和"ka"就多了一橫。<br />
From the above we can see that "te" and "de" look almost the same, the difference is the added dot in "de". And the difference between "ke", "ge" and "he" is "without dot or circle", "with dot" and "with circle". The difference between "te" and "ta" is "through" and "not-through" (sorry, I really don't know how to say, please refer to the image above) while "ke" and ""ka" differ by an additional vertical stroke).<br />
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圈點的出現是由於1599年時以蒙古文為基礎時創製的滿文無圈點(稱老滿文),在表達上稍有不足,後來為了改善老滿文,加了十個字頭和圈點(稱新滿文)。在無圈點前,"te"和"de"、"ke"、 "ge"和 "he"是分不開的。<br />
The addition of dots and circles was to improve the original Manchu script (script without dots and circles) created upon the Mongolian script. The later script, also with the addition of ten graphemes, was called script with dots and circles. Before the addition of dots and circles, one can hardly distinguish between "te" and "de", "ke", "ge"and "he".<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaMM4v1IRHMwvv7uJaRUtY8yeol26meayYd304S0yo-DAObVNvsxUuNFliCsjBmLc_cYTVJ2my0cwd_OoKHph9gtsSlHojv1pUHw4TbLD66ShO1zq0b1Pw2td-7EdNAyuCflE611NZ5R0/s1600/explanation+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaMM4v1IRHMwvv7uJaRUtY8yeol26meayYd304S0yo-DAObVNvsxUuNFliCsjBmLc_cYTVJ2my0cwd_OoKHph9gtsSlHojv1pUHw4TbLD66ShO1zq0b1Pw2td-7EdNAyuCflE611NZ5R0/s320/explanation+3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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母音"e"的語中形(無點)是接t, d, k, g, h 這五個子音的,有點的則接其餘子音。<br />
The word-middle form (without dot) of vowel "e" is to follow consonants "t", "d", "k", "g" and "h", the form with dot follows the other consonants.<br />
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不肯定明不明?來測試一下吧!<br />
Not sure you understand the above or not? Let's do a test!<br />
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下圖是母音"e"還是母音"a"呢?<br />
For the following image, is it vowel "e" or vowel "a"?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiSt_yEJT_DB3g8ojmDG0aEM0tVOQhyphenhyphen15UhLXU2TYgiKAmWkyoalmXTqf6yrezW3mq6D-U7hQw0AjruwY1XaLllwhX3yrVzTxLUUI3_g8FeJKJTmlRT3DvU3pRnyItnX7SHX0JW0vBkn4/s1600/sheri.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiSt_yEJT_DB3g8ojmDG0aEM0tVOQhyphenhyphen15UhLXU2TYgiKAmWkyoalmXTqf6yrezW3mq6D-U7hQw0AjruwY1XaLllwhX3yrVzTxLUUI3_g8FeJKJTmlRT3DvU3pRnyItnX7SHX0JW0vBkn4/s200/sheri.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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答案是母音"e"。因為上圖有點、母音"a"是無點的。<br />
The answer is vowel "e". The reason is that there is a dot. Vowel"a" has no dot.<br />
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好,那如果給個無點的字你呢?母音"e"都可以無點,你得靠之前學過的分辨法了。<br />
So, what if I give you one with no dots? Since the middle form of vowel "e" can also be dotless, you have to recall what you have learned above.<br />
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答案是母音"e"。因為字首的子音"t"是穿的。<br />
The answer is vowel "e". The reason is that the script of the consonant "t" is "through".<br />
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關於母音"e"的兩種語中形的教學就暫告一段落,如有問題,留言問我吧,我會儘量解釋的!<br />
This is the end for the lesson on the middle-form of vowel "e". For any questions, leave a comment. I will try my best to explain.<br />
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語末形:<br />
Word-end:<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">和母音"a"語末形樣子一樣的兩個寫法是用來接母音"a"不能連接的五個子音<br />
The two word-end forms which look the same with those of vowel "a" are <br />
used to connect the five consonants which vowel "a" cannot link</td></tr>
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母音"e"讀音像普通話、國語的「兒」。<br />
Vowel "e" sounds like the "er" in "father".<br />
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寫完這講後明白為甚麼有些做清朝歷史的教授一輩子都不學滿文,因為要掌握這門語言還真的挺吃力,我學的還只是皮毛。在看這個文章、在自學滿文的你一定要繼續努力,我也會盡最大努力寫清楚易懂一點!<br />
After writing this lesson, I pretty understand why some professors of Qing history never study Manchu for their whole life. Manchu is not easy to learn and what I have learned is just the very basics. For those who are reading this and self-studying Manchu, you must give extra effort and I will try my very best to make it easier to understand!<br />
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能讀完這篇文章真不容易,感謝你!如對這篇文章有疑問,可以留言給我。<br />
Thank you for reading the whole passage, it is not an easy read. If you have any questions, please leave a comment.<br />
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滿語學習者 A Manchu Learnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11461986691379615769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212233060298615053.post-45028462410417887432015-08-06T07:57:00.000-07:002015-08-07T22:47:47.367-07:00如何讀懂滿文?滿文專家莊吉發老師親錄的《滿洲實錄》摘文 How to Read Manchu? A Recording of Manzhou Shilu (Veritable Records of Manchus) from Prof. Chuang Chi-fa<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">上星期四在台北國立故宮博物館圖書文獻館的我請了滿文大師莊吉發老師為我們朗讀一小段《滿洲實錄》中有關滿洲起源的故事,為了方便大家學習,我準備了該摘文的滿文原字(旁邊有其羅馬拼音表記)、漢字和我的英文翻譯。我知道我們才剛開始討論第一個母音,但先聽聽感受感受這個語言吧!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">I was so lucky to have invited Prof Chuang Chi-fa to read a part of <i>Manzhou Shilu</i> (Veritable Records of Manchus) for me and he let me put it online for all Manchu learners. To facilitate your learning, I have prepared the original Manchu text below with the Romanized letters beside, the Chinese text and my English translation*.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">*I am just trying my best to do an English translation for all parties who are interested in knowing what the story is about. Please inform me for mistakes and I beg your pardon for any confusion caused.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">朗讀者簡介:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Introduction to the reader:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">莊吉發(1936年生),台灣著名歷史學者,曾任故宮博物院研究員和專名學府教授,專長為滿文文獻研究,是台灣少數精通滿文的學者。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Chuang Chi-fa (born in 1936), eminent historian in Taiwan. Having worked as a researcher in National Palace Museum in Taipei and Professor in eminent universities, he excels in Manchu script research and is one of the few scholars who is fluent in Manchu.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">為了方便閱讀,我將文本分了三部份。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">To make an easier reading, I divided the text into three parts.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">第一部份:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">First Part:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">漢字原文</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">滿洲原起於長白山之東北布庫哩山下一泊名布勒瑚里初天降三仙女浴於泊長名恩古倫</span></div>
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英文翻譯:</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Manchus originated from a lake called Bulhuri down at the bottom of Bukuri Mountain north-east of Changbai Mountain. One day, there were three heavenly maidens bathing there and they were Enggulen,...</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXL3dug3ayEHHOvOirhSuVAZsH5BnEJek3sKFm9hYuChy2LID6-XXPgpAZYMfDZUtErCjeueJUMGi1YYqdsi4_veEMqZzNRp4fjxVKLQPIRfLHt3fZfQCd5P8kb01wqu5XAil5A81q7LI/s1600/Part+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXL3dug3ayEHHOvOirhSuVAZsH5BnEJek3sKFm9hYuChy2LID6-XXPgpAZYMfDZUtErCjeueJUMGi1YYqdsi4_veEMqZzNRp4fjxVKLQPIRfLHt3fZfQCd5P8kb01wqu5XAil5A81q7LI/s640/Part+2.jpg" width="600" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">次名正古倫三名佛庫倫浴畢上岸有神鵲銜一朱果置佛庫倫衣上色甚鮮妍佛庫倫愛之不忍釋手</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Jenggulen and Fekulen, from eldest to youngest. After the bath, they left the water and started dressing. It was at that time a sacred magpie, Saksaha, dropped a fruit which was previously held in its mouth on Fekulen's clothes. The fruit was bright in color that she would not let go of it. ...</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">第三部份:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Third Part:</span><br />
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<iframe frameborder="no" height="90" scrolling="no" src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/218206619&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=false&show_user=false&show_reposts=false&visual=false" style="text-align: center;" width="50%"></iframe><span style="text-align: center;">
</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu1wmElaGXoIPPDJt1ULa_zFFHAQIGY5mkqBjWMfEB2bbZaSVy3ShX2ieVyh-EtpabEWkbDFppZ4PxctyJO7aCbTzn2eRjUywvi_SvHRMAIy8a1I80sYS7AkL6uJoOhvQMPTuUwIkG5-0/s1600/Part+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu1wmElaGXoIPPDJt1ULa_zFFHAQIGY5mkqBjWMfEB2bbZaSVy3ShX2ieVyh-EtpabEWkbDFppZ4PxctyJO7aCbTzn2eRjUywvi_SvHRMAIy8a1I80sYS7AkL6uJoOhvQMPTuUwIkG5-0/s640/Part+3.jpg" width="600" /></span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">漢字原文</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">遂銜口中甫著衣其果入腹中即感而成孕告二姊曰吾覺腹重不能同昇奈何</span></div>
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英文翻譯:</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">She put the fruit into her mouth and it went down to her stomach while she was getting dressed. Immediately she felt heavy (that she became pregnant) and she told her two sisters that, "I feel a heaviness in my belly and I just cannot rise up into the sky with you".</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">三仙女浴布勒瑚里泊<br />
Bathing of the Three Heavenly Maidens in Lake Bulhuri</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">佛庫倫生下的就是傳說中的女真人祖先、在清朝立國後被尊為清始祖的愛新覺羅.布庫哩雍順。</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Fekulen later gave birth to the progenitor of the Jurchens and founder of Aisin Gioro, </span>Bukūri Yongšon.<br />
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下面是整本漢字版《滿洲實錄》的連結。放心點擊,我開過沒有毒的。<br />
Below is a link to a PDF file of a completed <i>Manzhou Shilu</i> (Veritable Records of Manchus), only in Chinese text. There is no virus, as far as I know.<br />
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<a href="http://vdisk.weibo.com/s/Dgrg9yNYwHoo?category_id=0&parents_ref=Dgrg9yNYwHba,Dgrg9yNYwHCk" target="_blank">中文《滿洲實錄》PDF檔</a>滿語學習者 A Manchu Learnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11461986691379615769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212233060298615053.post-10395603650848438452015-08-04T07:23:00.000-07:002015-08-14T05:30:55.988-07:00如何讀懂滿文?第二講︰母音“a” How to Read Manchu? Second Lesson: Vowel "a"講解了滿文大概是甚麼後現在開始要講重點了,就是如何讀懂滿文文字,今天講的是滿文的母音"a"。<br />
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After knowing what Manchu is, it's time to move on to the most important thing: how to tackle with the Manchu text. Our lesson today is vowel "a".</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: start;">國語騎射為旗人之根本,圖為當中的「射」</span><br />
Archery is considered a very important Manchu tradition</td></tr>
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簡單說明一下,滿語有六個母音、十九個子音和十個外來子音(又稱特殊子音),為了不嚇壞大家,今天我只讓大家看看六個母音的大概模樣(只是看一下,這課只講母音"a"),其他的在往後的課裡才慢慢講。</div>
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Manchu has six vowels, nineteen consonants and ten loan consonants. In order not to scare you away from your learning, let's make it simple by just learning how the six vowels look like (though we will only talk about vowel "a" for today) and let the rest be explained in future lessons. </div>
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以下是滿語的六個母音︰</div>
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Below is the six vowels of Manchu:</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh85FevHp0Osf66BkIjJc9WvPhOcPapgeSEUmwE8vu3k2T5UkCsScPN7Loc51HofhghhcyXvxDWuPdI-YWcvM-7QBo-D8JkE39QgMd-PmUVuSks71PhKqLADKmqsyomPpq7pA_JuZdhCgw/s1600/vowels.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh85FevHp0Osf66BkIjJc9WvPhOcPapgeSEUmwE8vu3k2T5UkCsScPN7Loc51HofhghhcyXvxDWuPdI-YWcvM-7QBo-D8JkE39QgMd-PmUVuSks71PhKqLADKmqsyomPpq7pA_JuZdhCgw/s320/vowels.JPG" width="250" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">摘自河內良弘和清瀨義三郎則府合編的《滿洲語文語入門》第三頁<br />
Taken from Kawachi Yoshihiro and Kiyose Gisaburo Norikura's <i>Introduction to Literary Manchu</i><u>,</u><i> </i>p.3</td></tr>
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從上圖可以看到六個母音及它們在不同位置時的寫法,第一行就是母音"a",我們今天的重點,放大讓大家看清楚。<br />
Form the above image, you can see how the six vowels look like and how they differ when they are in different parts of the word. The first row is our focus of today, vowel "a". you would find a larger image below:<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTpMiTbfh8PhBB1n2H3aZ53uaTJ3z9c63cSNYQLsmH_dyrcYKow7PLH_DbWfe_Ens9lusNQt9gxm0rWAK9lOvmaeiF-HTN4pwvgFEn1zch5Ib5I2Nb-yu0TBXM7uKgSlk1lGhYimby5iE/s1600/vowel_a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTpMiTbfh8PhBB1n2H3aZ53uaTJ3z9c63cSNYQLsmH_dyrcYKow7PLH_DbWfe_Ens9lusNQt9gxm0rWAK9lOvmaeiF-HTN4pwvgFEn1zch5Ib5I2Nb-yu0TBXM7uKgSlk1lGhYimby5iE/s400/vowel_a.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">楷書體<br />
Regular script</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Q3i9ekmU56N_GBM5Xksd6XU9VVDa7CJds3cXHkdMnJoiiTxQ_Kv_z9lm-q0a3yMf27zGCiV5QT5SE1Mp93_wRvXfxD12B-GRFmOw35ZjM6qWVgtSNizKBzzJfFga-_FS1ZFdzVf6B1I/s1600/vowel_a_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Q3i9ekmU56N_GBM5Xksd6XU9VVDa7CJds3cXHkdMnJoiiTxQ_Kv_z9lm-q0a3yMf27zGCiV5QT5SE1Mp93_wRvXfxD12B-GRFmOw35ZjM6qWVgtSNizKBzzJfFga-_FS1ZFdzVf6B1I/s400/vowel_a_2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">行書體<br />
Another form</td></tr>
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單獨形是它單獨表現時的寫法,語頭形是它作為字首時的寫法,語中形就是字中間時而語末形就是字尾。<br />
The first row is the Romanized form, the second how it looks like when it is on its own; the third when it is placed as word-initial; the forth when it is in the middle and the last when it is at the end of a word.<br />
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這樣講很難理解,我們用幾個字來呈現吧!<br />
Let's better explain it with the use of a few words.<br />
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語頭形(左是楷書體、右是行書體,中間是羅馬字)︰<br />
Word-initial (Left being the regular script, right the other form while the middle is the Romanized form):<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhviJklzCEecWpfja3C23Leceuyva-L9G_vUJWreUekCLAhqf25cKmi7G6ZcK2QTxKFgcUdN3ryJ8hV2uQ3Jc_hNluXHeJRVNmcZvsVOzEG7pju5b3-Ds8Nw6qJSh5a9Zgx95Xa8csSe48/s1600/big.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhviJklzCEecWpfja3C23Leceuyva-L9G_vUJWreUekCLAhqf25cKmi7G6ZcK2QTxKFgcUdN3ryJ8hV2uQ3Jc_hNluXHeJRVNmcZvsVOzEG7pju5b3-Ds8Nw6qJSh5a9Zgx95Xa8csSe48/s1600/big.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">大<br />
big, great</td></tr>
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語中形︰<br />
In the middle:<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu0D1-gTkr6S5sDBplbH_vhBfq6rDfvyMQ8wvU2Yj-58KfH-AVIAgcB5HfbkkH5KwKtb3J3BypstWKDn1PQNSoiC3osIfgZpJ87pgFSbtmuoFGuJJ_je9gVU-bzEMspXxCbcDsk0jlnT4/s1600/world.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu0D1-gTkr6S5sDBplbH_vhBfq6rDfvyMQ8wvU2Yj-58KfH-AVIAgcB5HfbkkH5KwKtb3J3BypstWKDn1PQNSoiC3osIfgZpJ87pgFSbtmuoFGuJJ_je9gVU-bzEMspXxCbcDsk0jlnT4/s1600/world.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">世<br />
world</td></tr>
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語末形︰<br />
Word-end:<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmUDXh0lTYKYWYnIXT3Ez48IUyi3dlka67x0xxK79BzaS3l9NZZL7lvVFklO9UJ27pyyXqOvTB7J8Q-zmqr2ssqG5YDvtpgAnnghxPSb7ayLW1d77Mbs8zHWCeJGklFU2VEMa8SrqxYpA/s1600/word-end.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmUDXh0lTYKYWYnIXT3Ez48IUyi3dlka67x0xxK79BzaS3l9NZZL7lvVFklO9UJ27pyyXqOvTB7J8Q-zmqr2ssqG5YDvtpgAnnghxPSb7ayLW1d77Mbs8zHWCeJGklFU2VEMa8SrqxYpA/s320/word-end.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">阿瑪 大<br />
Father big, great</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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語末形有兩種寫法,左邊第一種緊接子音b, p, k', g', h',右邊第二種緊接其餘子音。<br />
The form for word-end has two variants. The left one follows consonants b, p, k', g' and h' while the right one follows the other consonants.<br />
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母音"a"讀音如粵語「呀」,普通話、國語的「阿」。<br />
Vowel "a" sounds as "a" in "Father"。<br />
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清朝劇集中的「阿瑪」就是「爸爸」或「爹爹」的滿語了。<br />
So the "Ama" in Qing dramas is "father" and "daddy" in Manchu language.<br />
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下一講我們繼續講下一個母音,"e"。<br />
In next lesson, we will talk about vowel "e".<br />
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滿語學習者 A Manchu Learnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11461986691379615769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212233060298615053.post-49130598088597391592015-07-26T07:24:00.000-07:002015-07-26T07:25:59.916-07:00中 、西方飲食文化大不同 The Difference of Dining between China and the West今天讀到個有趣的論點想和大家分享,其載於王秋桂主編的《飲食文化綜論》(2009)中。<br />
I came across an interesting topic today and I would like to introduce it to you. It was written in <i>Yinshi Wenhua Zonglun </i>[Reviews on the Culinary Culture] (2009) edited by Wang Qiugui.<br />
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中、西方飲食文化大不同這點自然大家都認同,中國人吃飯喜歡一碟一碟都放在桌子上,大家要多少、取多少,一起分享美食。西方人喜歡每人自己一碟、都安份地自己吃自己那份兒。<br />
I think most of us would agree that the culinary culture of China and the West is significantly different. Let's say, Chinese like to have dishes all over the table and each of us get what we want and the portion we need while the Westerners have their own dish and reaching out to the others' dish would be impolite.<br />
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但中國人跟西方人從食具上的使用上比上述一點更是截然不同。西方人用刀叉進食,動作充滿動感,雖然餐桌禮儀要求進食時食具不可以發出聲響,但這些刀叉猶如廚房內之用具的迷你版,切切割割時難免充滿戰鬥動感,形象上自然多了份侵略的意味。<br />
However, the real difference lies in the use of utensils. The Westerners use their knives and forks. The involved action of cutting can be described as quite aggressive and linked to the actions inside the kitchen as the knives and forks on the dining table are the miniature of their counterparts in the place where food is processed and cooked. This aggressiveness can hardly be got rid of even if table manner required them to use the utensils quietly.<br />
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中國人則認為刀叉是廚房裡用以切割食物的器具,而這些器具是不能登大雅之堂的,加上食物在烹調時已被割成小塊方便用筷子夾起。這些筷子在機能上就是伸長了的手指,食客利用筷子就可以在自己固定的位置上掌控餐桌上的所有食物,筷子的使用也體驗到中國人所強調的「和」,和西方人所呈現的形象不免有了份強烈的對比。<br />
Chinese, on the other hand, think that knives are to be used only in the kitchen. These are used to process the food and they should not be presented on the table. Besides, the food is usually cut into small pieces which can be easily handled with chopsticks. The knives should have no function in the dining hall. Chopsticks, as the prolonged fingers, enabled their users to get their food without moving around. The use of chopsticks shows the "harmony" presented by the Chinese culture and this is significantly different from the Western culinary culture.<br />
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但要提到的一點是,「中國人」這個概念在這裡也不怎樣清晰。「中國人」包括了我們漢人以外的「五十五個少數民族」嗎?北方人至今也保留著在餐桌上用刀切割食物的風俗。如全羊宴中,大家用小刀想食多少就割多少,十分豪氣。<br />
However, I just have a small question. What defines Chinese? Does this term "Chinese" include the other "55" ethnicity besides the Han? As the people of China who live in the North still use the knives on the dining table. In the whole sheep feast, each of them use a small knife to get the portion they want. <br />
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比較法相當有趣,中、西方的飲食、文化、生活、種種方面都有不同的學者研究,但這種二元對比法在很多情況下不是有點太籠統了嗎?「中」是指甚麼?在這個邏輯上,這個「中」好像也可以等於「東亞」等其他長久以來使用筷子的國家,如日本、韓國,如此一來,這個「中」字應更換成「東亞」嗎?另一方面,「西」又是甚麼呢?是指歐洲、北美或是所有非東亞的國家呢?比較容易定義難。<br />
Binary opposition seems quite interesting and there are already a lot of researches on the difference of food, culture or lifestyle between China and the West. However, isn't this binary opposition a bit problematic? In this essay, what does "Chinese" mean? Within this context, can we consider this "Chinese" equal to "East Asia" countries such as Japan or Korea which also use chopsticks for a very long time. On the other hand, what is the "West"? Does it mean Europe, North America or all non-East Asia countries? It seems easy to compare something but harder to define them.<br />
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我都想聽聽大家的想法,關於飲食不同之處也好,關於上述定義上的問題也好。<br />
I want to know what you guys think. May it be about the difference between the culinary culture of the East and the West or about the problem with definitions.滿語學習者 A Manchu Learnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11461986691379615769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212233060298615053.post-76256645996417680052015-07-24T06:57:00.000-07:002015-07-24T07:36:14.643-07:00如何讀懂滿文?第一講︰介紹文 How to Read Manchu? First Lesson: An Introduction<div class="MsoNormal">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">滿文就是旁邊那些蟲蟲似的文字<br />
The left-hand side is Chinese and the other side is Manchu</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此分享是基於河內良弘和清瀨義三郎則府合編的《滿洲語文語入門》</span><span lang="EN-US">(2002)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">及</span><span lang="EN-US">Jerry Norman</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">羅傑瑞的</span><i><span lang="EN-US">A Comprehensive Manchu-English Dictionary </span></i><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">滿英大詞典</span><span lang="EN-US">] (2013)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而寫的。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">This is a sharing based on the <i>Introduction to Literary Manchu</i> (2002)
co-edited by Kawachi Yoshihiro and Kiyose Gisaburo Norikura and Jerry Norman’s <i>A Comprehensive Manchu-English Dictionary</i>
(2013).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先我要說我不是專家,我只要一個自學滿文的小人物,既不是大師、也說不上滿文能力非常好。兩年前我開始自己學習滿文,發現自學也不是特別困難,所以有了想跟大家分享一下學習方法這個念頭。如果可以引起大家對滿文的興趣或者是能把這個語言介紹給大家,我已經很高興啦!文章中如果有錯誤的地方,歡迎大家指出,也歡迎大家留言討論!</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">First of all, I am not an expert. I am just
a learner of Manchu and I am still learning. I started my self-study on Manchu
about two years ago. I found that self-studying Manchu was not as difficult as
I have imagined and I wanted to share the way how I learn. If this post can
promote the learning of Manchu or whatsoever about Manchu, then I would be very
pleased. If there are any mistakes, they are solely mine. Comments are highly
welcome. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">甚麼是滿文?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">What is Manchu?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">滿文是滿洲族的語言「滿語」的文字,清朝時叫做「清文」或「國語」。滿洲族的直系先祖是明朝時住在松花江、黑龍江、牡丹江等流域的女真族,遠古先祖可以追溯到遼金時代的女真、隋唐時代的靺鞨、北朝時代的勿吉。清太宗於天聰</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年(</span><span lang="EN-US">1635</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)正式使用「滿洲」這個名稱,後稱「滿族」。滿語屬阿爾泰語系‧滿</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">通古斯語族‧滿語支,是多音節語言。</span><span lang="EN-US">2007</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的統計中,以滿語為母語的使用者為</span><span lang="EN-US">17</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人,屬瀕危語言。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Manchu is the language of the Manchu
people. It was the national language of the Qing Dynasty. The ancestors of Manchu
people were the Jurchen people living in the Northeast of China. Manchu is a
Tungustic language belonging to the Altaic language family. The number of its
native speakers is about 17. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">滿文</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">取鑑蒙古字體,以下最左邊是蒙古文,最右邊是滿文,看起來就很像。(我也很想學蒙古文!)</span></div>
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The creation of Manchu was based on the Mongolian and they just look alike!</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Yonghe_Temple_board.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Yonghe_Temple_board.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">從左至右分別為蒙古文、藏文、漢文和滿文。<br />
From left to right: Mongolian, Tibetan, Chinese and Manchu</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">滿文還有分有圈點和無圈點,這個我們以後再討論。</span></div>
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Manchu has two variants: with dots and without dots, but we will leave it for future discussion.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以下是滿文文字範例︰</span></div>
Sample Text:<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwj7jM6Hu_POKXJ1KFxXkriQnZESkjSLmoLF2Wl_J7jrekIp-Dw-BQlVMjS7SlefB1f0_68HrjZ_MKTUbf-IbXYUQ3wo8G9oCAkDKUkuN9zRbyHFo0uySkYFflwBvzT1qd9K-uJnz6zTw/s1600/Pic1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwj7jM6Hu_POKXJ1KFxXkriQnZESkjSLmoLF2Wl_J7jrekIp-Dw-BQlVMjS7SlefB1f0_68HrjZ_MKTUbf-IbXYUQ3wo8G9oCAkDKUkuN9zRbyHFo0uySkYFflwBvzT1qd9K-uJnz6zTw/s1600/Pic1.png" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">取自胡格金台《達斡爾故事》(</span><span lang="EN-US">1977) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的第九章</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Excerpts from the Chapter 9 of Kūkejintai (Hugejintai)’s <i>A Dagur Story</i> (1977)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">滿語的閱讀方法為上至下、左至右。左邊第一行就是</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第一句標題︰</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The way to read Manchu is: from top to bottom, from left to right. The first sentence would be the title:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNj-waWZuFZgGBek0r7TUTKWpxO05SJ9bxWvo5lTSBOcRjWWKq6SZIs2l2r1v6JBy0om6jpwZL0_0fSdkke3ouYOIZe_dlfCguF1qsFw1esy7zpf7nwu8E0CKU_qcMEepeGRxEJkbscDg/s1600/Pic2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNj-waWZuFZgGBek0r7TUTKWpxO05SJ9bxWvo5lTSBOcRjWWKq6SZIs2l2r1v6JBy0om6jpwZL0_0fSdkke3ouYOIZe_dlfCguF1qsFw1esy7zpf7nwu8E0CKU_qcMEepeGRxEJkbscDg/s1600/Pic2.png" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPJNmU3NxKCW51ilLKqfIvkbeeUuBQxuyDXtK74w1m2c9Lfc2WhGeCIzsoM1eeJYy23mpLnUE7DoPVtL7xTMV1LYkbysY9f3DWjE4OiCaA5YHvuEzqFjjd0PTVOiRfweUhXMGGXxawt-U/s1600/Dict1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPJNmU3NxKCW51ilLKqfIvkbeeUuBQxuyDXtK74w1m2c9Lfc2WhGeCIzsoM1eeJYy23mpLnUE7DoPVtL7xTMV1LYkbysY9f3DWjE4OiCaA5YHvuEzqFjjd0PTVOiRfweUhXMGGXxawt-U/s320/Dict1.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">跟一般字典用法無異<br />
just use the Manchu-English dictionary the way you used to do</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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在閱讀滿文時,我們會先將其文字以穆麟德轉寫法(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Möllendorff system</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)轉寫成羅馬拼音,如此一來,圈起的文字就是︰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">uyuci; mama eršere be
kanagan arame ai hoi ci aljaha</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。其後我們就可以用這個羅馬拼音在字典裡查到字詞的意思了。第一個字就是</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;">uyuci</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(見上圖)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">翻開字典</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">使用方法和一般英文字典無異,在</span><span lang="EN-US">u</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">欄找即可</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">就得出,</span><b><span lang="EN-US">uyuci</span></b><span lang="EN-US">: ninth</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。利用字典,可以得出整句</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">意思就是“第九</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">話</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">︰藉天花為由離開曖暉”。</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">We would adopt the Möllendorff system to convert the Manchu text into
Romanized form and the circled text would be “uyuci; mama eršere be kanagan
arame ai hoi ci aljaha”. With a Manchu-English/Manchu-Chinese dictionary, we
know the first word is uyuci (see the above image) which </span>means “ninth” (the use of Manchu-English
dictionary is no different from the use of normal English dictionary and you search
through the “u” section for “uyuci”). Using the dictionary, we know that this
whole sentence means “Ninth (Chapter nine): Leave Aihun with the Excuse of
Small-pox”.<br />
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當然不是每個字都可以在字典中找到的,因為有語文文法、動詞變化、數量詞化、專有名詞等因素。但若要做到轉寫這步首先我們需具備閱讀滿文文字的能力(當然,滿文大師們都可以省略轉寫這步),所以我們下一課就是開始學習轉寫。簡而言之,我學習閱讀滿文的基本順序為︰先學轉寫、再學詞彙、文法。<br />
Of course, not every word can be found in the dictionary as there
are grammar, verb conjugations, numbers as adjectives, personal nouns, etc. Nevertheless,
in order to proceed to the step of converting into Romanized form, we should,
first of all, know how to read Manchu text (Professionals can skip this step of
converting into Romanized form). Therefore, the first lesson on Manchu is to
learn how to read Manchu and convert it into Romanized form. Simply speaking,
the order of learning Manchu is: to learn how to convert the Manchu text into
Romanized form, then the vocabulary and grammar.
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我會在下一講介紹組成滿文的母音和子音、並進一步討論母音「</span><span lang="EN-US">a</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">In next
post, I will write about the vowels and consonants of Manchu and will discuss about
the vowel “a”.</span></div>
滿語學習者 A Manchu Learnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11461986691379615769noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212233060298615053.post-45922385260754647162015-07-22T06:48:00.000-07:002015-07-24T06:57:54.123-07:00辛亥革命中的種族屠殺(讀畢路康樂《滿與漢》後感)<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">作為中國歷史研究中其中一個最熱門研究方向的辛亥革命,其光榮之處在於其不怎樣沾血、卻成功推翻統治了超過兩個半世紀的滿清皇朝。中國領導層在承繼對中國的管治權時不忘承繼革命派一貫說法︰辛亥革命只是權力的轉換、不傷害無辜平民。路康樂在他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">2000</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">年的著作《滿與漢》中向廣大讀者揭示當年的真相,當中難免令人聯想到「大屠殺」、「種族清洗」等字條。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">大眾皆知辛亥革命的目的是推翻由滿洲人統治的滿清政權。革命份子中最為人所知的是國父孫中山,他和其他志士決意從滿人手中奪回統治權,革命份子所抱的理念我們先不討論。但他們宣稱不傷害無辜滿人這個說法至今仍被尊崇。官方對革命中滿族人傷亡人數的統計數字為一千到兩千。可是,就單單一個旗營的滿人傷亡數字已經是翻幾倍了,當中有五個主要戰場(容許我稱呼為「屠場」)分別是湖北武昌、陝西西安、山西太原、江蘇鎮江和南京。當中旗營的傷亡數字和其抵抗的力度無直接關係。在這些旗營的滿人成為種族仇恨和無情殺戮的犧牲者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">作為革命運動大本營的武昌見證第一波反滿族暴力行動。當革命份子進入武昌城時,他們的口號是「</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">殺戮滿官旗人」,目標是「興漢滅滿」。即使當地旗兵沒有抵抗,革命份子一樣殺無赦。旗人屍體遍佈武昌街頭。最可怕的事是革命份子對倖存的滿人進行獵巫,所有外貌、口音有一點像滿人的人會在街頭被叫停,進行一些測試。例如︰被截停的滿人需讀出數字</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">666</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">,若他們有滿人口音,就會立刻被處決。旗人(包括旗兵和他們的家人)的死傷數字在革命展開的首三天就達五百人了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">第一個遭遇大規模反滿族暴力行動的旗營是西安,針對旗人最血腥的暴行就在此處發生。因為西安是旗營,滿城內駐防的旗兵也作好充足準備起來抵抗到底。他們抵抗了足足一天,但革命份子在第二天就攻破防線。當他們攻入韃靼城後,看到的無論大小,殺的殺,像殺父仇人似的把他們屠宰,部份滿人跪求免於一死,但他們一跪下,就被立刻擊斃。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">太原、鎮江和南京的滿人同樣難逃革命份子追擊,無論他們做甚麼最後都難逃一死。部份滿人抵抗到底、部份極力求饒、有些主動要求停火,但無論他們如何努力,最後還是被無情地殺害。老幼婦儒皆無一倖免,屍體像垃圾一樣散落一地。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">革命份子所做的窮凶極惡之事實在數之不盡,我也不在此一一列舉了。有興趣的網友們可自行搜索或翻閱路康樂《滿與漢》的第四章。我相信無論是有沒有想像力的網友們都可以想像到當年的畫面,希望你們會跟我一樣感到噁心、可怕,同時為我們對這方面認知的缺乏感到難以接受。我們所接受的教育沒有告訴我們這些可怕的歷史真相。官方繼續宣傳辛亥革命是多麼的偉大,只犧牲了少數人的性命就為大多數人帶來新一頁,我們則繼續接受這樣的說法,那對大部份人來說可能是件好事,因為人類總是不喜歡黑暗那面的。路康樂這篇文章再次提醒了種族可以是一個好可怕的概念。將人分成不同組別,我們很容易可以說我們是不一樣的,我們比較好、我們比較棒。回顧歷史,這個可怕的分類法沒有消失,它一直在發展,因為我們堅持我們跟別人是不一樣的。被極端份子煽動時,人就可以失去人性,做出一些以往不敢做的事。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">總結是辛亥革命並不像我們想像中那麼偉大、那麼「少犧牲」。學生和公眾應思考到底我們對我們的國家歷史有多少認識,也應思考我們所接受的教育有沒有瞞騙我們。不是因為我個人喜歡歷史我才鼓勵大家多讀史,而是,當我們只接受別人灌輸的教育而不多自行研究或多讀書時,我們對世界的理解就可以輕易被塑造,畢竟我們的世界觀有很大一部份來自於我們所接受的教育。故此,多思考和多讀書(多讀不同人寫的書)是應該多被推廣的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">**</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">如文中出現錯處,歡迎提出。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
滿語學習者 A Manchu Learnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11461986691379615769noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3212233060298615053.post-86682586283636138382015-07-14T03:32:00.000-07:002015-07-24T07:03:50.357-07:00Racial Slaughters during the 1911 Revolution (Reflection on Edward J. M. Rhoads' Manchus & Han)<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); -webkit-text-stroke-width: initial; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px;">
The 1911 Revolution, one of the most discussed piece of Chinese history, is very often described as a “bloodless” revolution. The leaders of modern China, succeeding not only the authority to govern China but also the rhetoric in saying that the 1911 revolution is just a transfer of power, authority and is glorious as it did not involve merciless killings. However, Edward J. M. Rhoads, in his book <i>Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861 - 1928</i>, presents a more accurate picture of this tumultuous event with terms like “massacre” and “racial slaughters”. Once again, readers are reminded to study history rather than “memorizing” history because what official can be a lie. </div>
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Going back to the 1911 revolution, it was a revolution to overthrow the Qing court which was Manchu, as everyone knows. These revolutionaries, including the world-famous Sun Yat-sen, aimed to take the power from the Qing court. The reasons behind this revolution are beyond our discussion today, but basically, they wanted republicanism which gave power back to the people. Anyway, the revolutionaries emphasized that they would not exercise extra killings and the transfer of power would be most peaceful. The official figure for the deaths involved in this revolution was around 1,000 to 2,000.<span style="font-size: 7.3px;"><sup></sup></span> Most Chinese are taught to be proud of this revolution because it overthrew imperialism bloodlessly. However, number of deaths in one garrison can be several times greater than this “1,000 to 2,000”. There are five major battlefields (or let me call it “fields for massacre”): Wuchang, Xi’an, Taiyuan, Zhenjiang and Nanjing. The number of deaths in these garrisons had no relation to the level of resistance. The Manchus in these garrisons were targets of racial hatred and victims of relentless killings.</div>
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Wuchang, being the base for revolutionaries, witnessed the first outburst of anti-Manchu violence. When the revolutionaries rallied into Wuchang, their slogan was “slay the Manchu officials and the banner people!” (Shalu Manguan qiren) and their declared goal was to “elevate the Han and exterminate the Manchus” (xing-Han mie-Man). Even the banner soldiers did not resist, they were killed. Bodies of banner people littered the streets in Wuchang. The most terrible thing was that there was witch hunt for surviving Manchus. People who looked different or sounded different were stopped by in the street and they had to be quizzed. They would be asked to pronounce the number 666. If they pronounce it with the Manchu accent, they would be executed right away. The estimated number of deaths of banner people (both soldiers and their dependents) was over 5 hundred for the first three days of the revolt.<span style="font-size: 7.3px;"><sup></sup></span></div>
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The first banner garrison which met a large-scale anti-Manchu violence was Xi’an. Bloodiest encounter between the revolutionaries and the banner people took place here. As it was a banner garrison, enough banner soldiers stationed inside the Manchu City, waiting to defend and resist. They stood up and fought for a whole day, but the revolutionaries managed to breakthrough the next day. When they poured into the Tartar city, they looked upon everyone (even women and little children) as enemies and butchered them relentlessly. Some Manchus knelt down and begged for pardon. When they did, they were shot right away. </div>
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Taiyuan, Zhenjiang and Nanjing, also met the wrath of these revolutionaries. Manchus in these cities did not escape slaughter no matter what they did. Some of them resisted forcefully, some begged for pardon, some negotiated to cease fire. However, no matter what they did, they were killed unceasingly. Even women and little children were not pardoned. Dead bodies just littered the streets like piece of garbage. </div>
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The horrible doings of the revolutionaries were plenty and I was tired listing them out (Interested readers would find the section “Anti-Manchu Violence” in Chapter 4 The 1911 Revolution useful. Readers with or without imagination, I hope, would also find it terrifying, unacceptable and not-at-all glorious to call ourselves descendants of those revolutionaries. It was also why the official saying would remain to be the bloodless one; Most people just hate the atrocious side of events. This piece of writing just reminds me how “race” or in Chinese we call “zongzu” or “zu” could be a really dangerous idea. By classifying people into groups, it is easier to make claims that we are different from them, we are better, we are superior. Throughout history, this dangerous idea has not extinguished, it is growing because we still hold on the differences. When inflamed by extremists, people lost their mind and they would be able to do something that they won’t dare to do before, like soldiers in the battlefields. They shoot, they kill and they drop bombs because they are told these others’ lives are different from theirs. </div>
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It’s time to go back to our issue today. The 1911 revolution was not glorious, was not bloodless at all. Students or the general public should stop thinking about how glorious the way modern China was formed and should start thinking how much we really know about the history of China or even the history of the world and should start thinking how true is the knowledge we had been bestowed. It’s not because I like history, so I recommend people to start their independent research on history or on other subjects. It’s because without an independent research, our mind/ our world-view would be shaped by the officials, by the textbooks. It is thus important to read a little more and to think a little more. </div>
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**If there are mistakes, they are solely mine. Recommendations and suggestions are always welcome.</div>
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滿語學習者 A Manchu Learnerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11461986691379615769noreply@blogger.com0